Ebola Virus, the natural killing Machine: A Critical Review by Abubakar Yaro

Author:Abubakar Yaro [Yaro, Abubakar]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2016-03-15T00:00:00+00:00

Route of Administration: The route of vaccine administration is an essential of component of the field of vaccinology and can be used as a biomarker of the type of induced immune responses; for e.g. parenteral administration of vaccine stimulates systemic responses while mucosal administration is known to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. In addition, mucosal vaccine administration is capable of overcoming the barrier of parenteral immunization. I.M. injection is currently the primary method of administration of filovirus vaccine candidate. I.M. injections ensure that the entire vaccine dose is delivered and data has shown that it promotes strong systemic response. However the use of needle pose significant risk to health professions and patients, therefore the need for extensive training programs to reduce such risk. Needle-free delivery system will be ideal model of administration because needle-free delivery system will eliminate the risk associated with needle delivery, reduce the cost and time needed for effective training and general acceptance as well as self-vaccination strategy. Needle-free delivery system include subcutaneous and transdermal routes and mucosal administration. The disadvantage of these routes of administration is they often generate lower immune response than I.M. injection. Most of the type of the vaccine candidate designed to offer protection to various pathogen have been delivered by intranasal route as Ad- or VSV- based vaccine. HPIV-13 vector that expressed EBOV GP was shown to confer full protection in guinea pigs and NHPs after IN vaccination. A data also showed that nasal administration of Ad- or VSV- based EBOV vaccine candidate confer full protection to mice against lethal challenge with mouse-adapted ZEBOV. Such important findings encourage further studies and design of mucosal vaccine strategies as an alternate to I.M. vaccination model. Also these studies and subsequent ones should aim at providing insights into the type of immune responses stimulated by vaccine candidates.

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